Scharia und der Islamischer Staat im 19. Jahrhundert --- Die Rechtsvorstellungen des Mahdi

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  Aharon Layish:
  Sharīʿa and the Islamic State in 19th-Century Sudan

  The Mahdī’s Legal Methodology
   and Doctrine

  Serie: Islam in Africa, Band: 19

  Leiden: Brill 2016, XXII, 348 pp., index
  

  ISBN: 

  978-90-04-31138-1
  Vgl.:
  --- Heinz Halm: Das Reich des Mahdi.
  Der Aufstieg der 
       der Fatimiden.
       München: C.H. Beck 1991, 470 S., Abb., Register
       Inhaltsverzeichnis: hier
  --- Abdulaziz Abdulhussein Sachedina: Islamic Messianism.
  The Idea of Twelver Shi'ism. Albany, NY: State of New York Press 1981, X, 230 pp., index
  

  Verlagsinformationen
  The Sudanese Mahdī headed a millenarian, revivalist, reformist movement in Islam, strongly inspired by Salafī and Ṣūfī ideas, in late 19th century in an attempt to restore the Caliphate of the Prophet and “Righteous Caliphs” in Medina. As the “Successor of the Prophet”, the Mahdī was conceived of as the political head of the Islamic state and its supreme religious authority. On the basis of his legal opinions, decisions, proclamations and “traditions” attributed to him, an attempt is made to reconstruct his legal methodology consisting of the Qurʾān, sunna, and inspiration ( ilhām) derived from the Prophet and God, its origins, and its impact on Islamic legal doctrine, and to assess his “legislation” as an instrument to promote his political, social and moralistic agenda.

  Inhaltsverzeichnis

  Preliminary Material ---Seiten: i–xxi 

  
  

  Introduction: The Mahdī’s Documents
  as a Source of Legal History --- Seiten: 1–5

  
  

  1 The Mahdist State --- Seiten: 6–25

  2 The Mahdī’s Legal Methodology --- Seiten: 26–55

  3 The Mahdī’s Legislation --- Seiten: 57–59

  
  

  1 The Slave as Property and Person --- Seiten: 61–64

  2 Umm al-Walad Lost the Child by Her Master but Both She and the Children She Gave Birth to Fathered by Slaves Are Deemed Free in Her Master’s Lifetime --- Seiten: 65–66

  3 A Female Slave, the Husband’s Absence,

  Dissolution and Chastity --- Seiten: 67–69

  4  A Slave’s Acknowledgment of Theft
                    Is Admissible and Punishable --- Seiten: 70–71

  5  The Mahdī Buys Concubines and Obtains
       His Free Wives’ Consent --- Seiten: 72–73

  6 Validation of the Ottoman Land Category of Mīrī --- Seiten: 75–78

  7 The Mahdī Proclaims a Period of Prescription
   of Seven Years --- Seiten: 79–80 

  8 Obtaining Ownership through an
   Uninterrupted Period of Prescription --- Seiten: 81

  9 Prohibition of Lease for Rent and Agrarian Reform --- Seiten: 83–86

  10 Tenancy Is Permissible if Proprietor Incapable
  of Cultivating Land --- Seiten: 87–88

  11 Pledge Is Not Permissible as a Device
  for Circumventing Prohibition of Interest,
  but the Pledgee/
  Creditor May Deduct Expenses
  from the Profits --- Seiten: 89–92

  12 Right of Preemption Reserved Only to the Partner,
  Not the Neighbor --- Seiten: 93

  13 Marrying a Woman Promised to Another,
  Even after Consummation, Entails Dissolution
   and Discretionary Punishment --- Seiten: 95–98

  14 Prohibition for Marriage on Grounds of Fosterage Applies to All the Issue of Consanguine Brothers
  by Virtue of the Literal Meaning of a Ḥadīth --- Seiten: 99–102

  15 Marrying a Woman against Her Will or a Woman Who Does
  Not Share “Spiritual Communion”
  Is neither Permissible nor Advisable --- Seiten: 103–104

  16 The Mahdī as the Supreme Qāḍī Delegates to a Woman
  the Power to Marry off Her Daughter --- Seiten: 105–106

  17 The Mahdī Prescribes Maximal Rates for Ṣadāq;
  Deviation therefrom Entails Expropriation
   and Penal Sanctions --- Seiten: 107–110

  18 Marriage with a Fifth Wife, though Irregular,
  Remains Intact; Instead, One of the Lawful Wives
   Is to Be Divorced --- Seiten: 111–113

  19 The Mahdī Offers Four Wives to
  the Great Grandson of Shaykh Aḥmad al-Ṭayyib al-Bashīr
  Seiten: 114

  20 The Mahdī Marries a Fifth Wife
  with the Prophet’s Permission --- Seiten: 115

  21 Equality among Free Wives --- Seiten: 116

  22 The Mahdī’s Co-Wives Opt for an Ascetic Life
  and the Hereafter as a Precondition for Marriage --- Seiten: 117

  23 Joining the Mahdiyya while Leaving Husband behind
  Is Not Deemed Disobedience --- Seiten: 118

  24 Coercive Measures to Enforce Obedience --- Seiten: 119

  25 Disobedient Wife Compelled to Renounce Rights
  in Divorce --- Seiten: 120

  26 A Woman’s Marriage to Another Man
  before Establishing Her Divorce from
  Her Former Husband Entails
  Separation and Restoration
  to Her First Husband --- Seiten: 121–124

  27 Khulʿ and Financial Liability
  Prior to the Mahdiyya ---Seiten: 125–126

  28 Wife’s Right to Nuptial Gift Is Not Affected
  by Khulʿ Agreement in the Event
  of the Wife’s Emigration to Mahdist Territory
  while Leaving Her Husband Behind --- Seiten: 127–128

  29 Compulsory Khulʿ of a Disobedient Wife though the Husband Is Advised to Renounce His Financial Rights --- Seiten: 129–130 

  30 Enforced Khulʿ Following Marriage
  against a Woman’s Consent --- Seiten: 131

  31 Khulʿ Does Not Count in the Quota
  for Intermediate Marriage --- Seiten: 132–133

  32 Taṭlīq of a Woman Married against Her Will --- Seiten: 134–135

  33 Dissolution on Grounds of Non-Provision
  of Maintenance by an Absent Husband --- Seiten: 136–138

  34 Taṭlīq of the Wife of an Absent Husband --- Seiten: 139

  35 Taṭlīq on Grounds of Non-Provision of Maintenance --- Seiten: 140

  36 Rescission of Marriage on Grounds of Prejudice --- Seiten: 141

  37 Rescission of Marriage on Grounds
  of Difference of Religion --- Seiten: 142–143

  38 Termination of Marriage on Grounds of Difference
   of Religion and Rehabilitation
  by a New Marriage Contract --- Seiten: 144–145

  39 Duration of Waiting Period following Delay
  of Menstruation --- Seiten: 146–147

  40 A Separated Wife Who Has Not Completed
  One Menstrual Period May Be Restored to Her Husband
  without Concluding New Marriage Contract --- Seiten: 148–149

  41 Should an Emigrant Wife Observe the Waiting Period
   of a Free or a Slave Woman? --- Seiten: 150–151

  42 The Mahdī Reinstates His Triply Divorced Wife
  with No Intermediate Marriage,
  with the Prophet’s Permission --- Seiten: 152–154

  43 Reinstating a Triply Divorced Wife with
  No Intermediate Marriage Entails Ḥadd Punishment --- Seiten: 155

  44 An Oath of Ḥarām or Oath of Continence without Explicitly Mentioning Repudiation Is Null and Void --- Seiten: 156–158

  45 An Oath of Ḥarām Is Not Binding unless God’s Name
   Is Mentioned --- Seiten: 159

  46 Breaking an Oath of Divorce Entails Expiation --- Seiten: 160

  47 The Right to Custody, the Welfare
   of the Parents and
  the Best Interest of the Child --- Seiten: 161–163

  48 The Mahdī Offers
  the Widow of a Martyr the Entire Estate as Charity
  in a Gesture of Generosity --- Seiten: 165–169 

  49 A Widow’s Waiting-Period Maintenance Is Taken
  Out of the Estate before Its Division --- Seiten: 170–173

  50 Bequests in Favor of Legal Heirs --- Seiten: 174–175

  51 Intentional Homicide in Turco-Egyptian Territories
  Entails Compulsory Retribution with No Option
   of Forgiveness --- Seiten: 177–182

  52 No Punishment for Killing Committed on Turkish Territory if Repentance Is Accepted by the State --- Seiten: 183

  53 Compensation for Bodily Injuries, Regardless of their Nature, on the Basis of Slaves’ Price where Equivalence in Injury Is Impossible
  --- Seiten: 184–185 

  54 Warriors Causing Bloodshed to Muslim Civil Population
  Are Liable to Private Retaliation and State Sanctions
  --- Seiten: 186–187

  55 Literal Interpretation and Application of Qur'an 5:38
  --- Seiten: 189–193

  56 A Witness to Theft Failing to Report the Crime
  Is Liable to Amputation --- Seiten: 194

  57 Personal Liability for the Theft:
  No Collective Amputation of Hands --- Seiten: 195

  58 Stealing from Booty Is Tantamount
  to Disbelief and Apostasy --- Seiten: 196–197

  59 Theft from Booty Entails Excommunication
  and Capital Punishment --- Seiten: 198

  60 The Mahdī Forgives a Highway Robber
  Who Repents and Acknowledges Crime
  after Being Captured --- Seiten: 199–201

  61 Stoning for Muḥṣan, Lashes for Bikr and
  Discretionary Punishment for Entering
  into Privacy with a Stranger --- Seiten: 202–204

  62 Marrying Another Man during Waiting Period
  from Divorcing Husband Entails Lapidation
  --- Seiten: 205

  63 Hundred Lashes on Women Exposing
  Themselves to Men --- Seiten: 206–207

  64 A Woman Exposing Her Face
  or Speaking Aloud Is Liable to 27 Lashes --- Seiten: 208–209

  65 Kidnapping a Free Married Woman and Marrying
   Her Entails Imprisonment and Lashes --- Seiten: 210–211

  66 Sodomy Entails Decapitation by Sword
  --- Seiten: 212–213

  67 A Husband Sentenced Successively to Ḥadd Punishment
   for Qadhf and to Compulsory Retribution
  for Killing His Wife’s Alleged Harasser --- Seiten: 214–217

  68 Consumption of Wine and Use of Tobacco Entails Ḥadd and Statutory Punishments --- Seiten: 218–220

  69 Apostasy in Fundamental Principles:
  Denial of the Mahdī’s Mahdiship --- Seiten: 221–223

  70 Apostasy in Deeds: Withdrawal from Islam
   and Sharīʿa --- Seiten: 224–225

  71 Apostasy in Omission: Failure to Immigrate
  to Mahdist Territory --- Seiten: 226

  72 Punishments on Apostasy and Repentance --- Seiten: 227

  73 Expansive Definition of Fayʾ: Property Surrendered
  by Infidels by Agreement to be Distributed
  According to Qur'an 59:7 --- Seiten: 229–233

  74 Property and Persons Acquired as Booty --- Seiten: 234–235

  75 Men, Women and Children as Booty --- Seiten: 236–237

  76 Division of Booty to Recipients --- Seiten: 238–242

  77 Compulsory Allocation of Booty
  to the Mahdī’s Kin and Companions --- Seiten: 243–245

  78 Women Participating Physically
  in Jihād Fighting --- Seiten: 246–247

  79 The Mahdī Urges General Gordon
  either to Accept Amān or Embrace Islam --- Seiten: 248–251

  80 The Mahdī Invites the Governor of Egypt
  to Submit to Islam --- Seiten: 252

  81 A Dhimmī Staying behind in Turco-Egyptian Territory
  Given the Choice either to Convert to Islam or
  Be Proclaimed Ḥarbī --- Seiten: 253–255

  82 Redemption of “Infidel” Captives Converted
  to the Mahdiyya on Presumption of Good Faith--- Seiten: 256 

  83 The Alms Tax as a Ritual and a State Instrument
  for Social Justice --- Seiten: 257–261

  84 Niṣāb and Rates of Zakāt --- Seiten: 262–264

  85 Recipients of Zakāt --- Seiten: 265–266

  86 “Governor of the Market” as Public Prosecutor --- Seiten: 267–270

  87 Appointment of Arbitrators to Consolidate the Mahdiyya
   and Enhance Public Morality in Light of “Commanding Right
   and Forbidding Wrong” --- Seiten: 271

  88 A Catalogue of Statutory Punishments
  on Moral Offenses --- Seiten: 272–274

  89 Negative Innovations Entail
  Discretionary Punishments --- Seiten: 275–277

  90 A False Witness Is Liable either to Be Decapitated
  or to Have His Property Taken Away or
  His Hand Amputated --- Seiten: 279–282

  Conclusion --- Seiten: 283–295

  Bibliography --- Seiten: 297–309

  Glossary --- Seiten: 310–336

  General Index --- Seiten: 337–348

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